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Transport facilities, convenient transportation, highway with a total length
of more than 48 million kilometers, ranking first in the nation's; airport more
than 30, which Dallas DFW International Airport is the second largest airport,
Houston Bush Intercontinental Airport is the fourth largest airport. In
addition, Dezhou has 29 ports and Inland Waterway Port, which is the first port
of Houston, the United States foreign trade, the total volume of the United
States and the United States second. Due to the unique geographical location,
Dezhou is still connected to North America and Latin America's important trade
hub. |
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the wave of Indian ¨C and to a lesser extent Indo-Chinese ¨C culture brought by extensive trading contacts, which created the Hindu-Buddhist techniques and
styles reflected in Javanese and Balinese temple carvings, art forms and crafts. The third major influence, Islam, only modified existing traditions. In fact Islam actively employed arts and crafts for dissemination of the religion. The highly stylised floral motifs on Jepara woodcarvings, for example, reflect Islam¡¯s ban on human and animal representation. Though the religious significance or practical function of many traditional objects is disappearing, the level of craftsmanship remains high. The sophistication and innovation of the craft industry is growing throughout the archipelago, driven by more discerning tourist tastes and by a booming export market. Javanese woodcarvers are turning out magnificent traditional panels and innovative furniture commissioned by large hotels, and Balinese jewellers influenced by Western designs are producing works of stunning quality. Tourist centres are fostering an increasing cross-fertilisation of craft styles: the ¡®primitive¡¯ Kalimantan statues, so in vogue in Balinese art shops, may well have been carved behind the shop or ¨C more likely ¨C in the vast crafts factories of Java. Woodcarving Made in Indonesia: A Tribute to the Country¡¯s Though the forests are vanishing, Craftspeople, by Warwick Purser, provides great woodcarving traditions are photos and background information on the crafts of flourishing. Often woodcarving is the country. practised in conjunction with more practical activities such as house building. All traditional Indonesian dwellings have some provision for repelling unwanted spirits. The horned lion heads of Batak houses, the water buffalo representations on Toraja houses and the serpent carvings on Dayak houses all serve to protect inhabitants from evil influences. On the outer islands, woodcarvings and statues are crafted to represent the spirit world and the ancestors who live there. Woodcarving is an intrinsic part of the Toraja¡¯s famed funerals: the deceased is represented by a tau tau (a life-sized wooden statue), and the coffin is adorned with carved animal heads. In the Ngaju and Dusun Dayak villages in Kalimantan, temadu (giant carved ancestor totems) also depict the dead. The most favoured and durable wood in Indonesia is jati (teak), though this is getting increasingly expensive. Sandalwood is occasionally seen in Balinese carvings, as is mahogany and ebony (imported from Sulawesi and Kalimantan). Jackfruit is a common, cheap wood, though it tends to warp and split. Generally, local carvers use woods at hand: heavy ironwood and meranti (a hard wood) in Kalimantan, and belalu (a light wood) in Bali. REGIONAL CARVING Perhaps Indonesia¡¯s most famous woodcarvers are the Asmat of southwestern Papua. Shields, canoes, spears and drums are carved, but the most distinctive Asmat woodcarvings are mbis (ancestor poles). These poles show the dead, one above the other, and the open carved ¡®wing¡¯ at the top of the pole is a phallic symbol representing fertility and power. The poles are also an expression of revenge, and were traditionally carved to accompany a feast following a head- hunting raid. In many regions, everyday objects are intricately carved. These include baby carriers and stools from Kalimantan, lacquered bowls from South Sumatra, bamboo containers from Sulawesi, doors from West Timor and horse effigies from Sumba. Balinese woodcarving is the most ornamental and elaborate in Indonesia. The gods and demons of Balinese cosmology populate statues, temple doors and relief panels throughout the island. Western influence and demand for art and souvenirs has encouraged Balinese woodcarvers to reinvent their craft, echoing the 1930s revolution in Balinese painting by producing simpler, elongated statues of purely ornamental design with a natural finish. In Java, the centre for woodcarving, especially carved furniture, is Jepara. The intricate crafts share Bali¡¯s Hindu-Buddhist tradition, adjusted to reflect Islam¡¯s prohibition on human representation. Another Javanese woodcarving centre is Kudus, where elaborate panels for traditional houses are produced. GIFTS: HIGH Amidst the endless piles of tourist tat, Indonesia has truly extraordinary items that make perfect gifts. The secret is finding them. Here are a few ideas: ? West Timor, Alor and Sumba have some spectacular naturally dyed ikat for sale. The best of the best can be found in Waingapu. ? Maubesi in Nusa Tenggara is home to a fab textile market. Look for shops selling local ikat, antique masks, statues, and carved beams, reliefs and doors from old Timorese homes. ? On South Sumatra, look for ceremonial songket sarongs that are used for marriages and other ceremonies near Palembang. They can take a month to make. ? Dayak rattan, doyo (bark beaten into cloth), carvings and other souvenirs from Kalimantan can be world-class. ? Street vendors in Bandaneira sell scrumptious kenari-nut brittle, a treat found only on the Banda Islands. ? Intricate and beautiful rattan items made in an ancient village in Bali are sold by Ashitaba, which has shops across the island and where you can shop for exquisite and artful goods for days on end. Ikat In Tenganan (Bali), a cloth called gringsing is The Indonesian word ¡®ikat¡¯, meaning woven using a rare method of double ikat in which ¡®to tie¡¯ or ¡®to bind¡¯, signifies the both warp and weft threads are pre=dyed. intricately patterned cloth of threads that are painstakingly tie-dyed before being woven together. Ikat is produced in many regions, most notably in Nusa Tenggara. Ikat garments come in an incredible diversity of colours and patterns: the spectacular ikat of Sumba and the elaborately patterned work of Flores (including kapita, used to wrap the dead) are the best known. IKAT SEASONS There are traditional times for the production of ikat. On Sumba the thread is spun between July and October, and the patterns bound between September and December. After the rains end in April, the dyeing is carried out. In August the weaving starts¨C more than a year after work on the thread began. MAKING IKAT Traditionally, ikat is made of hand-spun cotton. The whole process of ikat production ¨C from planting the cotton to folding the finished product ¨C is performed by women. Once the cotton is harvested, it is spun with a spindle. The thread is strengthened by immersing it in baths of crushed cassava, rice or maize, then threaded onto a winder. Traditional dyes are made from natural sources. The most complex processes result in a rusty colour known as kombu (produced from the bark and roots of the kombu tree). Blue dyes come from the indigo plant, and purple or brown can be produced by dyeing the cloth deep blue and then dyeing it again with kombu . Any sections that are not coloured are bound together with dye-resistant fibre. Each colour requires a separate tying-and-dyeing process. The sequence of colouring takes into consideration the effect of each application of dye. This requires great skill, as the dyer has to work out ¨C before the threads are woven ¨C exactly which parts of the thread are to receive which colour in order to create the pattern of the final |
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